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- SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
- --------
- No. 91-971
- --------
- TWO PESOS, INC., PETITIONER v. TACO CABANA,
- INC.
- on writ of certiorari to the united states court of
- appeals for the fifth circuit
- [June 26, 1992]
-
- Justice Thomas, concurring in the judgment.
- Both the Court and Justice Stevens decide today that
- the principles that qualify a mark for registration under 2
- of the Lanham Act apply as well to determining whether an
- unregistered mark is entitled to protection under 43(a).
- The Court terms that view -common ground,- though it fails
- to explain why that might be so, and Justice Stevens
- decides that the view among the Courts of Appeals is
- textually insupportable, but worthy nonetheless of adher-
- ence. See ante, at 5 (opinion of the Court); ante, at 9
- (Stevens, J., concurring in judgment). I see no need in
- answering the question presented either to move back and
- forth among the different sections of the Lanham Act or to
- adopt what may or may not be a misconstruction of the
- statute for reasons akin to stare decisis. I would rely,
- instead, on the language of 43(a).
- Section 43(a) made actionable (before being amended)
- -any false description or representation, including words or
- other symbols tending falsely to describe or represent,-
- when -use[d] in connection with any goods or services.- 15
- U. S. C. 1125(a) (1982 ed.). This language codified, among
- other things, the related common-law torts of technical
- trademark infringement and passing off, see Inwood
- Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc., 456 U. S. 844,
- 861, n. 2 (1982) (White, J., concurring in result); Chevron
- Chemical Co. v. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc., 659 F.
- 2d 695, 701 (CA5 1981), cert. denied, 457 U. S. 1126 (1982),
- which were causes of action for false descriptions or
- representations concerning a good's or service's source of
- production. See, e.g., Yale Electric Corp. v. Robertson, 26 F.
- 2d 972, 973 (CA2 1928); American Washboard Co. v.
- Saginaw Mfg. Co., 103 F. 281, 284-286 (CA6 1900).
- At common law, words or symbols that were arbitrary,
- fanciful, or suggestive (called -inherently distinctive- words
- or symbols, or -trademarks-) were presumed to represent
- the source of a product, and the first user of a trademark
- could sue to protect it without having to show that the word
- or symbol represented the product's source in fact. See,
- e.g., Heublein v. Adams, 125 F. 782, 784 (CC Mass. 1903).
- That presumption did not attach to personal or geographic
- names or to words or symbols that only described a product
- (called -trade names-), and the user of a personal or
- geographic name or of a descriptive word or symbol could
- obtain relief only if he first showed that his trade name did
- in fact represent not just the product, but a producer (that
- the good or service had developed -secondary meaning-).
- See, e.g., Florence Mfg. Co. v. J.C. Dowd & Co., 178 F. 73,
- 74-75 (CA2 1910). Trade dress, which consists not of words
- or symbols, but of a product's packaging (or -image,- more
- broadly), seems at common law to have been thought
- incapable ever of being inherently distinctive, perhaps on
- the theory that the number of ways to package a product is
- finite. Thus, a user of trade dress would always have had
- to show secondary meaning in order to obtain protection.
- See, e.g., Crescent Tool Co. v. Kilborn & Bishop Co., 247 F.
- 299, 300-301 (CA2 1917); Flagg Mfg. Co. v. Holway, 178
- Mass. 83, 91, 59 N. E. 667 (1901); Philadelphia Novelty
- Mfg. Co. v. Rouss, 40 F. 585, 587 (CC SDNY 1889); see also
- J. Hopkins, Law of Trademarks Tradenames and Unfair
- Competition 54, pp. 140-141 (3d ed. 1917); W. Browne,
- Law of Trade-Marks 89b, 89c, pp. 106-110 (2d ed. 1885);
- Restatement (Third) of the Law of Unfair Competition 16,
- Comment b (Tent. Draft No. 2, Mar. 23, 1990) (hereinafter
- Third Restatement).
- Over time, judges have come to conclude that packages or
- images may be as arbitrary, fanciful, or suggestive as words
- or symbols, their numbers limited only by the human
- imagination. See, e.g., AmBrit, Inc. v. Kraft, Inc., 812 F. 2d
- 1531, 1536 (CA11 1986) (-square size, bright coloring,
- pebbled texture, polar bear and sunburst images- of the
- package of the -Klondike- ice cream bar held inherently
- distinctive), cert. denied, 481 U. S. 1041 (1987); see also
- Third Restatement 13, 16. A particular trade dress,
- then, is now considered as fully capable as a particular
- trademark of serving as a -representation or designation-
- of source under 43(a). As a result, the first user of an
- arbitrary package, like the first user of an arbitrary word,
- should be entitled to the presumption that his package
- represents him without having to show that it does so in
- fact. This rule follows, in my view, from the language of
- 43(a), and this rule applies under that section without
- regard to the rules that apply under the sections of the
- Lanham Act that deal with registration.
- Because the Court reaches the same conclusion for
- different reasons, I join its judgment.
-